Pharmacology

Deeper science: receptor binding, structure-activity, minor alkaloids.

• Kratom's Minor Alkaloids

  Kratom leaf contains 40+ alkaloids beyond mitragynine. The six better-studied minor alkaloids and their activity across µ-opioid, serotonergic, and adrenergic systems.

• Morphine vs. Mitragyna Alkaloids

  Structure, modification, and µ-opioid receptor binding, comparing classical opioids to kratom's alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives.

• Chemical Structures (Appendix)

  Structure diagrams for morphine, the kratom leaf alkaloids, and the concentrated and semi-synthetic mitragynine derivatives that drive the 7-OH product market.